Start Submission

Reading: Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia

Download

A- A+
Alt. Display

Video Abstracts

Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia

Authors:

Martin Paucar ,

Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE
X close

Helena Malmgren,

Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE
X close

Per Svenningsson

Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE
X close

Abstract

Background: Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is a rare condition associated with heterozygous mutations in the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene.

Phenomenology Shown: In this article we illustrate the phenomenology of PKD in a male previously misdiagnosed with Tourette’s syndrome.

Educational Value: Regardless of the underlying phenotype, PKD is highly responsive to some antiepileptic drugs.

How to Cite: Paucar M, Malmgren H, Svenningsson P. Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia. Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements. 2017;7:529. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/tohm.393
212
Views
40
Downloads
  Published on 12 Dec 2017
 Accepted on 29 Nov 2017            Submitted on 6 Nov 2017

A 28-year-old male with paroxysmal and short-lasting dystonia triggered by sudden movement was evaluated at our center. Many short-lasting dystonia events occurred per day; these were preceded by aura-like symptoms (e.g., paresthesias in the affected limb). Consciousness was preserved during these episodes and physical examination between dystonia episodes was normal. Symptom onset in this case was at age 11. Epilepsy was suspected first; however, repeat investigations with electroencephalography and neuroimaging were normal. The patient’s presentation was previously misinterpreted as Tourette’s syndrome despite the absence of vocal tics. This presentation is rather compatible with paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), a rare movement disorder associated in most cases with heterozygous mutations in the proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene (DYT10).1 Targeted analysis of this gene (both sequencing and MLPA) was normal and whole-genome sequencing was not contributory in this case. Focal dystonia, in either the toes or the arms, was evident after standing up and running. In addition, running triggered generalized dystonia with falls and impaired speech, which are unusual in PKD (Video 1). Dystonia receded completely after treatment with carbamazepine was initiated. This good treatment response to antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine or phenytoin) constitutes one of the criteria proposed for PKD.2 Other hyperkinesias that can occur in PKD patients include chorea and/or ballism.2,3 Aura-like symptoms (paresthesias and stiffness in the affected limb) before the attacks, as described in this case, are very common.3 Differential diagnosis of PKD includes several acquired conditions affecting the basal ganglia and familial conditions such as paroxysmal exercise-induced dyskinesia, paroxysmal hypnogenic dyskinesia, and glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1-DS).3

Video 1 

Phenomenology of Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia in a 28-year-old Male. Segment 1. Mild and short-lasting posturing in the left big toe after standing up. Running triggers generalized dystonia leading to a fall and impaired speech; consciousness is preserved. Segment 2. This segment shows the remarkable good response to carbamazepine.

Notes

1 Funding: Stockholm County Council. 

2 Financial Disclosures: None. 

3 Conflicts of Interest: The authors report no conflict of interest. 

4 Ethics Statement: This study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards detailed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The authors’ institutional ethics committee has approved this study and all patients have provided written informed consent. 

References

  1. Lee, HY Huang, Y Bruneau, N Roll, P Roberson, EDO Hermann, M et al. (2012). Mutations in the gene PRRT2 cause paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions. Cell Rep 1: 2–12. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2011.11.001. [PubMed]  

  2. Bruno, MK Hallett, M Gwinn-Hardy, K Sorensen, B Considine, E Tucker, S et al. (2004). Clinical evaluation of idiopathic paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia: new diagnostic criteria. Neurology 63: 2280–2287. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000147298.05983.50. [PubMed]  

  3. Spacey, S and Adams, P (1993–2017). Familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia.  June 24, 2005 (Updated 2013 Jun 27).Pagon, RA Adam, MP Ardinger, HH et al. GeneReviews®. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. (Accessed September 21 2017). Available from.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1460/ 

comments powered by Disqus