Accepted on 12 Sep 2018
Submitted on 1 May 2018
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) is an unusual neurodegenerative disease caused by accumulation of abnormally folded proteins (prions) with diffuse pathologic deposition, but a proclivity for the involvement of the striatum, thalamus, and cortical regions. The classic phenotype is characterized by rapidly progressive dementia associated with ataxia, myoclonus, and other movement disorders.1–3
Arm levitation is an involuntary elevation of the upper limb and is regarded as one of the manifestations of the alien-limb phenomenon (ALP), previously reported in CJD.4 Also, an acute or subacute presentation of ataxia in adults may rarely be the initial neurological presentation of CJD.5
In this article, we report a patient with sporadic CJD who presented with subacute ataxia and followed by arm levitation as initial manifestations. Moreover, we perform a comprehensive review of the literature about the phenomenology, classification, and associated neurological features of arm levitation in the context CJD patients.
Two months prior to presentation a 56-year-old right-handed male was evaluated in the emergency department for acute gait instability with ataxia suspected to represent a stroke. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal. At the outpatient assessment, besides ataxia, he also exhibited levitation of the left arm (Video 1). Family history was unremarkable. Further questioning revealed he had exhibited progressive impairment of ataxia and cognition over the first month. On follow-up neurological examination, the patient was inattentive and disoriented to space and time. Cranial nerve examination was normal, except for spontaneous multidirectional nystagmus. There was moderate global ataxia. Over the following weeks, his gait progressively deteriorated. A repeat brain MRI was normal. Rheumatologic tests, autoimmune workup (celiac disease, thyroiditis, glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody), syphilis screen, and paraneoplastic antibodies panel were normal.
Over a 2-month period, ideomotor apraxia, visual hallucinations, dysphagia, rigidity, pyramidal features, and myoclonus with auditory stimuli exacerbation (startle myoclonus) appeared. A follow-up brain MRI showed diffusion restriction, predominantly in the right parietal cortex (cortical ribbon sign) and, caudate and putamen (Figure 1A). An electroencephalogram revealed diffuse delta activity, evolving to lateralized (right side) and diffuse periodic sharp wave complexes (Figure 1B). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was normal, except for positive 14-3-3 protein. He met diagnostic criteria for CJD and died four weeks later. No autopsy was performed.
CJD can manifest with a range of movement disorders, including myoclonus, dystonia, tremor, parkinsonism, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus. The frequency of movement disorders in CJD depends on the distribution of the pathologically affected areas and increase significantly during disease progression.3 Early manifestations may be subtle or subclinical. A rapidly progressive ataxia should trigger an investigation for vascular, autoimmune, and infectious disorders.1,5 Subacute ataxia may only rarely represent the initial neurological presentation of CJD2.
Arm levitation is a rare neurological sign, mainly described in patients with vasculopathies (infarctions, hemorrhages), tumors, seizures, corticobasal syndrome, and progressive supranuclear palsy.2,3,6–8 MacGowan et al.4 were the first known to report ALP in CJD patients. They described two cases of neuropathologically established CJD who presented with ALP complaints in the absence of dementia.
ALP in CJD is of the posterior or sensory type (aimless movements, arm levitation), with high localizing value to the contralateral parietal lobe, unlike the frontal type (grasping reflex, manual groping, utilization behaviors, and perseveration) or the callosal type (intermanual conflict and manual interference with purposeful movements; a “disconnection syndrome”).7,9–12 Associated neurological features may include hemianesthesia, homonymous hemianopsia neglect, moderate-to-severe ataxia, visuomotor dissociation and/or visuospatial deficit.8,13 Patients typically deny ownership of the movements and engage personification of the limb.8 In CJD, the posterior ALP phenotype should be considered a sign of cortical dysfunction in the non-dominant parietal cortex.2,8 The mechanism of alien-limb generation may be dependent on the disruption in the integration of multimodal sensory processing signals to motor programming areas.2,6–8
We evaluated additional published cases of the early appearance of ALP in the context of CJD and their clinical features since the first description in 1997 by MacGowan et al.4 We summarize these 22 cases in Table 1. ALP was the first and exclusive manifestation in only five of them (22%). Most CJD patients exhibited a left ALP due to non-dominant parietal cortical involvement (72%). The most frequent associated deficits were sensory abnormalities and gait impairment, and the most common movement disorders were myoclonus and ataxia. No dementia was documented concomitantly ALP during the initial course of the disease (only two cases reported memory or cognitive impairment as concomitant manifestation), which may have contributed to a delay in ascertaining the diagnosis of CJD. Posterior and callosal phenotypes were similarly reported, and sometimes a mixed posterior-callosal phenotype was present, but no cases of an exclusively frontal ALP pattern were found.2,8
Table 1
| Case, Reference | Age, Handedness, Sex | ALP Side, Type† | Associated Deficits at Onset | Latency from ALP to diagnosis | MRI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1, Rubin et al.2 | 73, R, man | L, NR | Disorientation, visual hallucinations | NR | Cortical T2 hyperintensity (DWI not done) |
| 2, Rubin et al.2 | 56, R, man | L, NR | Memory impairment, aphasia, tremor, sleep disturbance | NR | Normal |
| 3, Rubin et al.2 | 58, R, woman | R, NR | None | NR | Restricted diffusion in B striatum, and left cortex |
| 4, Rubin et al.2 | 69, R, man | L, NR | None | NR | Normal |
| 5, Rubin et al.2 | 71, R, woman | L, NR | Cognitive impairment, blurred vision | NR | No MRI |
| 6, Rubin et al.2 | 69, R, man | L, NR | Facial paresthesia, blurred vision | NR | No MRI |
| 7, Rubin et al.2 | 73, unknown, man | R, NR | Unknown | NR | Normal |
| 8, Rubin et al.2 | 56, unknown, woman | R, NR | Myoclonus, ataxia | NR | Restricted diffusion in B striatum and cortex |
| 9, Rubin et al.2 | 61, R, man | R, NR | Right arm jerking | NR | L > R parietal restricted diffusion |
| 10, Rubin et al.2 | 39, R, woman | R, NR | None | NR | Restricted diffusion in B striatum, L parietal cortex |
| 11, Rubin et al.2 | 56, R, man | L, NR | None | NR | B restricted diffusion, T2 hyperintensity of R posterior hemispheric cortex |
| 12, Rubin et al.2 | 71, L, woman | R, posterior and callosal | Gait instability | NR | Restricted diffusion, T2 hyperintensity of bilateral R > L parietal, occipital lobes |
| 13, Rubin et al.2 | 72, R, woman | L, NR | Myoclonus, behavioral changes | NR | Diffuse cortical restricted diffusion |
| 14, MacGowan et al.4 | 78, R, woman | L, callosal | L hemiparesis, sensory ataxia, and myoclonus | NR | Normal |
| 15, MacGowan et al.4 | 74, R, woman | L, callosal | Progressive weakness | 6 weeks | Mild cerebral atrophy |
| 16, Fogel et al.9 | 55, R, woman | L, callosal | Gait instability, falls, and limb ataxia | 1 month | Bilateral L > R restricted diffusion, T2 hyperintensity of B parietal cortex |
| 17, Inzelberg et al.12 | 70, R, man | L, posterior | Unsteady gait, frequent falls, and visual hallucinations | At least 6 weeks | Mild cerebral atrophy |
| 18, Oberndorfer et al.14* | 74, R, woman | L, posterior | L hand ataxia | 3 months | Non-diagnostic clues |
| 19, Anschel et al.15 | 65, R, man | L, callosal | None | 8 months | Restricted diffusion in R putamen, and bilateral R > L cortex |
| 20, Moreaud et al.16 | 70, unknown, woman | L, callosal | Upper limbs clumsiness | 6 months | B frontal and parietal atrophy, and cortical ribbon sign |
| 21, Kleiner-Fisman et al.17 | 73, R, man | L, posterior | L hand ataxia and clumsiness, L hemineglect, and unsteady gait | 4 weeks | Restricted diffusion in R caudate nucleus, and bilateral R > L cortex |
| 22, Avanzino et al.18 | 59, R, woman | L, posterior | L hand numbness | 2 weeks | Normal |
| 23, our case | 56, R, man | L, posterior | Gait instability and ataxia | 2 months | Right parietal cortex ribbon sign, Restricted diffusion in B striatum and R parietal cortex |
Abbreviations: ALP, Alien-limb Phenomenon; B, bilateral; CT, Computed Tomography; DWI, Diffusion-weighted Imaging; L, left; MRI, Magnetic Resonance Imaging; NR, Not Reported; R, right.
*
Familial CJD with neuropathology confirmation.
†
NR: Phenotypic description unavailable rendering ALP phenotype unclear.
In most arm levitation cases, gait instability or ataxia was present. The MRI findings almost invariably showed asymmetrical diffusion restriction in the striatum and parietal cortex. Of note, ALP has also been reported in pathology-confirmed familial CJD.13 The onset of arm levitation may precede the diagnosis of CJD by up to 16 weeks.2,7 Some patients have been phenotypically characterized as corticobasal syndrome, assumed to represent underlying corticobasal degeneration pathology, which is more frequent compared with CJD.2 However, the subacute presentation of arm levitation should raise suspicion for prion disease, particularly when associated with rapid onset dementia or ataxia,2,3,9 as in our case.
In conclusion, CJD must be considered in anyone presenting with arm levitation, classified as a posterior ALP, with or without associated acute or subacute ataxia.2,7,9,12
1 Funding: None.
2 Financial Disclosures: Dr. Espay has received grant support from the NIH, Great Lakes Neurotechnologies and the Michael J Fox Foundation; personal compensation as a consultant/scientific advisory board member for Abbvie, TEVA, Impax, Acadia, Acorda, Cynapsus/Sunovion, Lundbeck, and USWorldMeds; publishing royalties from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Cambridge University Press, and Springer; and honoraria from Abbvie, UCB, USWorldMeds, Lundbeck, Acadia, the American Academy of Neurology, and the Movement Disorders Society.
3 Conflicts of Interest: The authors report no conflict of interest.
4 Ethics Statement: All patients that appear on video have provided written informed consent; authorization for the videotaping and for publication of the videotape was provided.
The authors are grateful to the patient and his family for trusting their care to us and for providing informed consent for this publication.
Kim, MO and Geschwind, MD (2015). Clinical update of Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. Curr Opin Neurol 28: 302–310, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0000000000000197 [PubMed]
Rubin, MN, Graff-Radford, J, Boeve, BF, Josephs, KA and Aksamit, AJ (2012). The alien limb phenomenon and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 18: 842–846, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.04.009 [PubMed]
Maltête, D, Guyant-Maréchal, L, Mihout, B and Hannequin, D (2006). Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 12: 65–71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004 [PubMed]
MacGowan, DJL, Delanty, N, Petito, F, Edgar, M, Mastrianni, J and DeArmond, SJ (1997). Isolated myoclonic alien hand as the sole presentation of pathologically established Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a report of two patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63: 404–407, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.63.3.404 [PubMed]
Mantokoudis, G, Saber Tehrani, AS and Newman-Toker, DE (2015). An unusual stroke-like clinical presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: acute vestibular syndrome. Neurologist 19: 96–98, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NRL.0000000000000019 [PubMed]
Carrilho, PEM, Caramelli, P, Cardoso, F, Barbosa, ER, Buchpiguel, CA and Nitrini, R (2001). Involuntary hand levitation associated with parietal damage: another alien hand syndrome. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr 59: 521–525, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2001000400007
Graff-Radford, J Rubin, MN Jones, DT Aksamit, AJ Ahlskog, JE Knopman, DS et al. (2013). The alien limb phenomenon. J Neurol 260: 1880–1888, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-013-6898-y [PubMed]
Scepkowski, LA and Cronin-Golomb, A (2003). The alien hand: cases, categorizations, and anatomical correlates. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev 2: 261–277, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582303260119 [PubMed]
Fogel, B, Wu, M, Kremen, S, Murthy, K, Jackson, G and Vanek, Z (2006). Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease presenting with alien limb sign. Move Disord 21: 1040–1042, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20858
Aboitiz, F, Carrasco, X, Schröter, C, Zaidel, D, Zaidel, E and Lavados, M (2003). The alien hand syndrome: classification of forms reported and discussion of a new condition. Neurol Sci 24: 252–257, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-003-0149-4 [PubMed]
Pappalardo, A, Ciancio, MR, Reggio, E and Patti, F (2004). Posterior alien hand syndrome: case report and rehabilitative treatment. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 18: 176–181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0888439004269031 [PubMed]
Inzelberg, R, Nisipeanu, P, Blumen, SC and Carasso, RL (2000). Alien hand sign in Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68: 103–104, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.68.1.103 [PubMed]
Josephs, KAR and Rossor, MN (2004). Neurological sign: the alien limb. Pract Neurol 4: 44–45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-7766.2004.06-189.x
Oberndorfer, S, Urbanits, S, Lahrmann, H, Jarius, C, Albrecht, G and Grisold, W (2002). Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease initially presenting with alien hand syndrome. J Neurol 249: 631–632, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004150200077 [PubMed]
Anschel, DJ, Simon, DK, Llinas, R and Joseph, JT (2002). Spongiform encephalopathy mimicking corticobasal degeneration. Mov Disord 17: 606–607, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10166 [PubMed]
Moreaud, O, Monavon, A and Brutti-Mairesse, MP (2005). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mimicking corticobasal degeneration: clinical and MRI data of a case. J Neurol 252: 1283–1284, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-005-0828-6 [PubMed]
Kleiner-Fisman, G, Bergeron, C and Lang, AE (2004). Presentation of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease as acute corticobasal degeneration syndrome. Mov Disord 19: 948–949, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.20140 [PubMed]
Avanzino, L, Marinelli, L, Buccolieri, A, Trompetto, C and Abbruzzese, G (2006). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease presenting as corticobasal degeneration: a neurophysiological study. Neurol Sci 27: 118–121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-006-0611-1 [PubMed]